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Intelligent soft electronics for healthcare monitoring and VRProf. Xinge Yu |
| Soft bio-integrated electronics have attracted great attentions due to the advantages of soft, lightweight, ultrathin architecture, and stretchable/bendable, thus has the potential to apply in various areas, especially in the field of biomedical engineering. By engineering the classes of materials processing and devices integration, the mechanical properties of the flexible electronics can well match the soft biological tissues to enable measuring bio signals and monitoring human body health. In this report, we will present materials, device structures, power delivery strategies and communication schemes as the basis for novel soft bio-integrated electronics. For instance, we will discuss a wireless, battery-free platform of electronic systems and haptic interfaces capable of softly laminating onto the skin to communicate information via spatio-temporally programmable patterns of localized mechanical vibrations. The resulting technology, which we refer as epidermal VR, creates many opportunities where the skin provides an electronically programmable communication and sensory input channel to the body, as demonstrated through example applications in social media/personal engagement, prosthetic control/feedback and gaming/entertainment. Other demonstrations will include skin-interfaces human machine interface for robotic VR, skin like patches as sensors for healthcare monitoring and energy harvesting, etc
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Disposable Transparent Broadband Ultrasonic Detector for Functional Photoacoustic ImagingProf. Cheng Sun |
| Functional photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has been studied extensively for its unique capability in noninvasive label-free imaging of biological samples in 3D. PAM Photoacoustic generation employs a ns-pulse laser to illuminate light-absorbing materials. The transient thermo-expansion and the following rapid thermal relaxation by the light-absorbing material upon the absorption of the laser energy led to a temporally confined photoacoustic wave, which is proportional to the tissue absorption. Thanks to reduced acoustic attenuation in tissue, PAM nearly doubles the penetration depth of confocal microscopy using the same wavelength. However, the commonly used sizeable and opaque piezoelectric ultrasonic detectors featuring limited ultrasound detection bandwidth often impose a serious constraint. To this end, optical-based ultrasonic detection techniques may offer a more desirable solution. Because light oscillates more than five orders of magnitude faster than ultrasonic waves, optical-based detection methods can potentially allow more sensitive ultrasonic detection over a much wider frequency band. We have thus developed a coverslip-style optically transparent ultrasound detector based on a polymeric optical micro-ring resonator (MRR). We have demonstrated an optically transparent ultrasound detector with the total thickness of 250 um. It enables highly sensitive ultrasound detection over a wide receiving angle with a bandwidth from DC to 140 MHz, which corresponds to a photoacoustic saturation limit of 287 cm−1, at an estimated noise-equivalent pressure (NEP) of 6.8 Pa. We also established a theoretical framework to provide general design guideline for optical-based ultrasound detectors. The optimal design was further validated experimentally for its key sensing characteristics including sensitivity, bandwidth, angular dependence, and functional imaging capabilities including lateral/axial resolution and saturation limit. We have further demonstrated the functional integration of PAM with the optical microscope and endoscope, by making use of the transparent MRR detectors. In a recent study, we have successfully integrated the MRR to the inner surface of cranial window, which enables the experimental demonstration of long-term in vivo intravital cortical photoacoustic microscopy of live rodents over a 28-day period.
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Manufacturing Multifunctional Nanostructured Materials using Colloidal ParticlesProf. Chih-Hao Chang |
| FMaterials with nanoscale structures can have novel physical properties that cannot be observed in traditional macroscale materials. While there has been significant progress in nanoscience and nanostructured materials, challenges remain in identifying nanomanufacturing processes with high scalability, precision, and resolution. “Bottom-up” self-assembly of nanoscale elements to form functional geometry is a well-established method in material science and a promising approach to nanofabrication. The assembled structures reflect the most energy favorable configuration and can be obtained without the expensive hardware that is commonly needed in “top-down” lithography systems. Recent efforts have explored using lithographic exposure to increase the complexity of the self-assembled structures. I will discuss some of our efforts in harnessing light interactions with colloidal assemblies to design complex 3D nanostructures. By controlling the assembly system and relative length scale, nanostructures with a wide range of geometry can be patterned. This process is highly scalable and can be implemented in a roll-to-roll (R2R) fashion to allow continuous printing of periodic nanostructures. I will also discuss the scale-up challenges and applications in nanolattice materials, photonic multilayers, and multifunctional nanostructures.
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Photoacoustic imaging and intelligent ultrasound medical imagingProf. Sung-Liang Chen |
| In recent years, our laboratory has concentrated on advancing photoacoustic imaging technologies and their applications. Key research areas include focus-adjustable photoacoustic endomicroscopy, non-contact photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy, high-speed photoacoustic microscopy systems, and deep learning-based image enhancement techniques for photoacoustic microscopy, such as sparse data handling, image denoising, and resolution enhancement. We also investigate imaging with degradable contrast agents and utilize photoacoustic microscopy for non-destructive testing of lithium metal batteries. Furthermore, we have applied deep learning techniques to clinical ultrasound image processing, including virtual shear-wave elastography for carotid plaques, segmentation and grading of contrast-enhanced ultrasound images, and stroke risk assessment using B-mode ultrasound images of carotid plaques. Our goal is to propel the development of high-performance photoacoustic imaging, explore its potential in medical diagnostics and industrial inspection, and enhance intelligent ultrasound imaging solutions. In this presentation, I will outline our recent advancements in technology development, artificial intelligence, and innovative applications in photoacoustic imaging, along with our latest efforts in integrating deep learning into carotid ultrasound imaging.
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Skin-conformable sensors and displays by stretchable polymeric materialsProf. Naoji Matsuhisa |
| Wearable healthcare devices realize reliable monitoring of physiological signals in the long term, which helps us find or prevent diseases in the early stage. However, current wearable devices, such as watches or rings, have poor skin contact, degrading signal integrity. This is due to the huge mechanical mismatch between rigid wearables and soft human skin. In this presentation, we show skin-like soft sensors and displays formed with stretchable polymeric electronic materials. The devices showed exceptional skin-conformability because they have a low Young’s modulus (<10 MPa) and small total thickness (<10 µm). For example, we developed high-resolution patternable stretchable conducting polymers by doping ionic additives in PEDOT:PSS. This material allowed us to realize skin-conformable transparent touch and strain sensors. Additionally, we fabricated highly skin-conformable piezoelectric sensors by the conducting polymer and stretchable and piezoelectric polymer. We also fabricated an ultrathin and stretchable electrochromic display, which can be used as an information display for signals obtained by skin-attached sensors. Biography |
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Fabrication of microfluidic system for electrochemical kinetic energy harvestingProf. Seok Woo Lee |
| Kinetic energy harvesting (KEH) devices convert wasted mechanical energy from the ambient environment into useful electricity. Sources of lost mechanical energy, such as vibrations, wind, and human motion, are abundant in everyday settings. While wind turbines and power plants require large areas and long-distance transmission, KEH devices can be micro-sized and operate in a decentralized manner. Electrochemical systems have been proposed for harvesting kinetic energy by leveraging phenomena such as streaming current, Gibbs free energy change under hydrostatic pressure, and ion sweeping. These systems typically require low-frequency kinetic input and exhibit low impedance. In this presentation, I will introduce a novel approach to harvest ambient kinetic energy by manipulating ion solvation structures electrochemically. Our system includes an electrolyte composed of two immiscible liquids and two identical battery electrodes. Switching the electrodes between different liquid phases induces redox reactions due to the solvation Gibbs free energy difference, which arises from the removal and reattachment of solvation shells on solvated cations. This process then drives voltage and electron flow. The fabrication of a microfluidic device demonstrates a miniaturized electrochemical KEH system, utilizing this principle by manipulating a two-phase electrolyte in a microfluidic channel with an embedded ion-hosting electrode. If time permits, I will also discuss the fabrication of an electrochemical cell array for a low-grade heat harvesting system. Biography |
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Aluminum-Based Multiscale 3D Lithography：
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| Complex structures are ubiquitous in biological systems. Over millions of years, biological systems have evolved optimized functions based on their unit cells’ beneficial size and material effects that contribute to favorable mechanical and physical properties. Replicating such complexity in man-made systems—especially at the nanoscale—remains challenging yet crucial for achieving precise collective properties. Our research addresses this by developing an aluminum-based 3D lithography technique (AL-3DLitho) that combines multiscale imprinting and anodization to create structural materials with high-precise features across nano- to macroscales. By combining the AL-3DLitho with low-/high-temperature deposition methods, we successfully fabricate on-demand multiscale materials with homo- and heterogeneous arrangements across at least 107 length scales. These materials enable precise control over mechanical and optical properties for advanced optoelectronic and biosensor device applications. Biography |
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Patch-type supercapacitor by rolling manufacturing processProf. Seong Chan Jun |
| Roll-to-roll(R2R) electrode fabrication processes using slurry-based techniques have gained widespread adoption in modern industry. This approach, which leverages the scalability of large-area processing and simplifies manufacturing workflows, has proven effective in meeting industrial demands for efficiency and uniformity in electrode production. In this study, we demonstrate a scalable approach to fabricate supercapacitor electrodes featuring high active material loading and exceptional surface uniformity, utilizing MXene slurry through an optimized R2R process. MXene, with its superior electrical conductivity and pseudocapacitive properties, was selected as the active material to enhance supercapacitor performance. During the roll coating, heat treatment was applied to further optimize the electrode structure, and the electrochemical properties of heat-treated and non-treated electrodes were systematically compared. Electrochemical analyses reveal that the heat-treated roll-coated MXene electrodes exhibit significantly improved the electrochemical properties compared to their untreated counterparts. This research demonstrates that combining roll coating with heat treatment provides an efficient and scalable method for fabricating high-performance MXene-based supercapacitor electrodes, offering a promising pathway for the development of advanced energy storage systems.
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Reentrant Microcavity Patterning for Versatile Material Loading on Large-Area Flexible SubstratesProf. Young Tae Cho |
| Reentrant microcavity surfaces offer multifunctionality across various applications due to their unique structural robustness. We propose a cost-effective and scalable multistep roll-to-roll printing method for fabricating these reentrant structures, termed the Wetting-Induced Interconnected Reentrant Geometry (WING) process. The key feature of the WING process is the formation of highly reproducible reentrant structures controlled by capillary action during contact between prefabricated microcavity surfaces and ultraviolet (UV)-curable resins. This approach simplifies the fabrication of uniform structures and enables continuous production, overcoming the complexity of existing methods. The WING structures demonstrate superior liquid repellency, maintaining large contact angles even with low-surface-tension liquids. Additionally, they exhibit robust mechanical stability, retaining solid particles and liquids under external forces. These characteristics make the WING surfaces highly versatile for applications such as anti-icing, biofouling prevention, and particle capture. The scalable and continuous nature of the WING process addresses the limitations of traditional fabrication techniques, offering a practical alternative that is both resource- and energy-efficient. Its integration into existing industrial processes is feasible, making it a promising solution for high-throughput production of multifunctional surfaces. Through experimental validation, we demonstrate the performance of WING surfaces under various environmental conditions, particularly focusing on their interactions with fluids and particles. Our findings confirm the superior capabilities of these surfaces, reinforcing their potential for practical deployment in diverse industries. The WING process represents an innovative approach to the creation of reentrant microstructures, offering a significant advancement in the fabrication of multifunctional surfaces.
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Fabrication and Applications of the Nanowire Embedded Multifunctional CompositesProf. Hyung Wook Park |
| In the automotive industry, woven carbon fiber composites are susceptible to impact damage via low-impact energy absorption. When a composite is subjected to an impact, it absorbs impact energy, resulting in deformation. If enough impact energy is absorbed, cracks begin to form in the matrix. The ongoing cracks propagate up to the interphase, until the maximum level of impact energy absorption has been reached. The overall composite damage process during an impact test is initiated by matrix cracks, followed by delamination at the interface area between the matrix and the reinforcements. Even though the interphase plays a key role in determining the performance of composites, entangled nanostructures can serve to increase the resistance to mechanical impact forces. In this presentation, fabrication of the woven carbon fiber composites modified with ZnO nanostructures will be introduced. The energy absorption of ZnO/polyester woven carbon–fiber composites for an impact test will be also discussed in terms of the ZnO concentration. In addition, the interlaminar resistive heating behavior of these composites will be presented. Biography |
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Advanced Micro-Machining Techniques for High-Hardness, Difficult-to-Cut MaterialsProf. Bo Hyun Kim |
| With the rapid development of the electronics, display, and biomedical industries, the importance of micro features of very hard materials increases and the demand for micro machining technologies of ultraprecision has increased. In particular, when simple shapes such as micro holes or micro channels are required, but the size is very small and the surface quality must be high, specialized machining techniques become essential, especially for hard or brittle materials. Materials such as high-hardness die steels, cemented carbide, glassy carbon and engineering ceramics are used in the manufacturing of micro nozzles and precision molds for optical components in display and semiconductor processes. Glass, with its high corrosion resistance and excellent light transmittance, is widely used in the biomedical and electronics industries. However, these materials are difficult to machine due to their hardness and brittleness, often leading to surface cracks during processing. As the required dimensions become smaller, advanced non-traditional machining processes such as electrical discharge machining (EDM), electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM), micro cutting, micro grinding and hybrid processes are employed to overcome machining limitations. This presentation introduces micro-machining technologies for hard-to-machine materials such as die steels, cemented carbide and various types of glass and ceramics. The talk also introduces the technique of micro tool fabrication and micro machining of micro holes and shapes.
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Functional Micro/Nano Structured Surfaces Using Shape Memory Polymers and Their ApplicationsProf. Moon Kyu Kwak |
| The fabrication of functional surfaces based on micro/nano-structured production is extensively utilized to tune surface properties. To achieve enhanced functionalities, technologies that enable the active modification of micro/nano structures, rather than relying solely on the properties obtainable from a single structure, are being developed to create advanced functional surfaces that cannot be achieved with conventional materials and processes. Recently, the fabrication of micro/nano structures using shape memory polymers has been introduced for such dynamic modifications. In this presentation, I will discuss processes that use shape memory polymers to produce 3D structures or multifunctional dry adhesives and diffractive optical elements that are challenging to fabricate with traditional methods. We successfully implemented closed-loop reentrant structures, which are difficult to fabricate through standard imprinting, using a two-step imprint process with shape memory polymers. This was utilized to create large-area drag reduction surfaces. Additionally, we developed dry adhesive materials using shape memory polymers that can perfectly adapt to surface roughness, achieving both strong adhesion and efficient detachment. Furthermore, by controlling the response temperature of the shape memory polymer, we developed multi-DOEs for use as temperature history sensors. This presentation will cover specific examples and technical insights that can be applied not only to production processes using conventional imprint-based replication technology but also to various other application fields.
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Study of TGV generation by Ultra short pulsed laserDr. Sanghoon Ahn |
| As IoT devices continue to emerge, integrated circuits (ICs) must be fast and efficient. To achieve high performance, 3D ICs have been adopted. A 3D IC features relatively shorter connection electrodes compared to conventional 2D ICs, made possible through the use of an interposer. The interposer contains via holes that are filled with conductive materials. In previous studies, various researchers have suggested using glass interposers, known as through-glass vias (TGVs). Glass has low electric permittivity, making it suitable for interposers. Additionally, glass can match the thermal expansion coefficient of silicon, which helps suppress wafer warpage. Therefore, we have been studying TGVs for the past few years. There are several methods to create via holes in glass. Among these, selective laser etching has recently emerged as a promising candidate for mass production. This process consists of two steps: laser local modification and chemical etching. Our primary interest is enhancing productivity through faster processes. To achieve this goal, we first studied the local modification process and identified the relationship between local modification conditions and etching rate. Next, we studied the etching conditions. Four different etchants were tested under various environments, allowing us to enhance the etching rate. In this talk, I would like to share our experiences with the audience.
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Scalable manufacturing of optical metasurfaces in the visible using engineered optical materialsProf. Junsuk Rho |
| Here, we demonstrate low-cost, scalable manufacturing of optical metasurfaces with three approaches: 1) increasing a refractive index of resin with dielectric particle embedding for single-step nanoimprinting, 2) suppressing optical losses of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) to apply complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor technologies, and 3) high-index atomic layer deposited (ALD) structural resin. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these materials in creating optical metasurfaces operating at different wavelengths in the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet spectra. Firstly, we achieve high efficiencies of up to 90.6%, 47%, and 60% with a-Si, TiO2 , and ZrO2 PER at wavelengths of 940, 532, and 325 nm, respectively. Furthermore, we obtain a measured efficiency of 30% at a wavelength of 248 nm using ZrO2 PER metasurfaces. Secondly, by adjusting the deposition conditions of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, we engineer the bandgap of a-Si:H to enable low-loss operation, with minimum extinction coefficients as low as 0.082 at 450 nm. Using low-loss a-Si:H, we demonstrate efficient beam-steering metasurfaces with measured efficiencies of 42%, 65%, and 75% at 450, 532, and 635 nm, respectively, marking the first Si-typed metasurfaces working at the full visible, as well as demonstrating high-efficiency near-infrared metalenses. Finally, we manufacture highly efficient metalenses using hybrid ALD structural resin with deep-ultraviolet lithography in the visible and ultraviolet. Their measured efficiencies approach 60.9%, 77.8%, and 64.8% at 450, 532 and 635 nm, making them suitable for ultrathin virtual reality devices. Our approaches using PER, low-loss a-Si:H, and hybrid ALD structural resin enables the low-cost, large-area manufacturing of efficient optical metasurfaces across different wavelengths, facilitating the commercialization of metasurface-based photonic devices .
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Designing Micro-/Nano-Hybrid Structures for Advanced Lithium-based Battery ElectrodesProf. Jae Young Seok |
| The advancement of lithium-based battery technologies faces significant challenges, particularly the instability of lithium metal anodes, which have a strong tendency to form lithium dendrites. These dendrites compromise safety and reduce battery lifespan. This research introduces innovative approaches to overcoming these challenges through the design and integration of micro-/nano-hybrid structures into lithium-based battery electrodes, with a focus on suppressing dendrite growth and enhancing cycling stability. In the first part of the study, we developed a rationally designed, multi-layered artificial protective layer to effectively mitigate lithium dendrite formation in lithium metal anodes. This protective layer consists of an ultrathin silver (Ag) layer, graphene, and block-copolymer. The Ag layer serves as a lithiophilic substrate, promoting uniform lithium deposition with a smooth morphology. Graphene acts as a physical barrier to prevent dendrite growth, while the block-copolymer supports the graphene structure and homogenizes lithium-ion flux through its regularly arranged pores. This multifunctional hybrid protective layer significantly improves the stability of lithium metal anodes, extending their operational lifetime by up to three times compared to control samples. In the second part, a three-dimensional electrode incorporating hybrid nano-/micro-structures was designed to absorb lithium dendrites in a spatially controlled manner. Micro-holes, integrated with nano-pillared structures, act as “lightning rods,” guiding the selective deposition of lithium within the spatially confined holes. This strategy promotes controlled lithium growth and minimizes dendrite formation, resulting in enhanced cycling stability. These innovative micro-/nano-hybrid structural designs address critical challenges facing lithium metal anodes and offer a promising pathway toward safer, longer-lasting, high-energy lithium-based batteries for next-generation applications.
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Towards Practical Dry Adhesion: Manufacturing and Application ChallengesProf. Jae-Kang Kim |
| Dry adhesion is an adhesive technology developed by mimicking the adhesive microstructures on the footpads of animals, such as insects, spiders, and geckos, that can freely walk on walls and ceilings. Since the dry adhesion attracted much research attention because of the attractive abilities of the adhesive microstructures, this field has been researched for over 20 years since the early 2000s, and various adhesive microstructures have been proposed, such as wedge and mushroom shapes. Although much research has focused on developing grippers and adhesive patches based on these adhesive microstructures, the technology has not yet achieved performance levels suitable for real-life and industrial applications due to the lack of understanding of the physics of dry adhesion and the limitation of manufacturing techniques, thus limiting its practical applicability. In addition, the manufacturing techniques for making these dry adhesives are complicated and expensive. Hence, this presentation will address the adhesive properties, performance, and limitations of existing adhesive microstructures from the perspective of manufacturing. It will also introduce recent research efforts aimed at overcoming these limitations related to manufacturing. Finally, it will discuss potential directions in manufacturing for future research to improve the performance of adhesive microstructures and expand their use in various industrial fields and daily life.
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Dynamic spectroscopic imaging ellipsometry and its mapping capabilityProf. Daesuk Kim |
| This talk presents how to extract a spectroscopic ellipsometric informational map of a large-scale patterned thin film. First, we describe a robust dynamic spectroscopic imaging ellipsometer (DSIE) based on a one-piece Linnik polarizing interferometer. The Linnik scheme combined with a simple compensation channel solves the long-term stability issue of single-channel DSIE. The global mapping phase error compensation is also addressed for an accurate 3-D cubic spectroscopic ellipsometric mapping. To evaluate the proposed compensation methods to enhance robustness and reliability, we conducted a whole thin film wafer mapping in a general environment where various external disturbances affect the system. Also, in this study, we describe a microscopic dynamic spectroscopic imaging ellipsometer that employs a high numerical-aperture (NA) objective telecentric lens module. Unlike conventional spectroscopic imaging ellipsometers, which require a relatively long acquisition time due to rotating polarization elements, the proposed microscopic imaging SE system allows us to extract a spatio-spectral ellipsometric phase map Δ(λ,x) of 2D materials at real-time speed. We demonstrate that the proposed microscopic dynamic spectroscopic imaging ellipsometer can provide spectroscopic ellipsometric phase data Δ(λ) with 165 spectral bands and a spatial resolution of a few microns at a speed of tens of milliseconds. in the visible range. It inspects a monolayer graphene flake area of 2.5 mm*1.65 mm in just 1 minute, the fastest 2D materials inspection capability.
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Fabrication and evaluation technologies of micro-scale needle and film to enable rapid delivery of vaccine and drug against biological weapons, and long-term storage at room temperatureDr. Jun-ho Jeong |
| In cases where biological attacks by the enemy are expected or personnel exposed to biological agents are treated, vaccines and therapeutics are administered by military doctors. Due to the nature of military operations, patients contaminated with biological agents occur on a large scale, and the number of medical personnel to treat them when a large number of casualties occur is limited. Therefore, if a platform is developed that allows personnel without specialized medical knowledge to administer medication, it can bring about innovation in minimizing damage to the military. In addition, considering the period of military operations, vaccines and therapeutics that can be stored at room temperature are required for management and smooth distribution of vaccines/therapeutics. In this study, we developed a technology for manufacturing microneedle/films loaded with biological weapons countermeasure drugs that can be administered quickly and stored at room temperature for long periods, and for animal testing and evaluation. If this research and development is successful, it will secure a means for rapid vaccination and treatment compared to the current injection method, dramatically increasing the survivability of combatants when an enemy biological weapon attack is expected or carried out. In addition, in the civilian sector, it can be applied to popularizing vaccine patches for influenza vaccines and vaccine patches for epidemic viruses such as COVID-19.
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Skin-Interfaced Adhesive Patches for WearablesProf. Hoon Eui Jeong |
| Strong adhesion coupled with easy release capabilities are essential surface properties for emerging applications in skin-interfaced motion monitoring, healthcare, soft robotics, and pick-and-place manufacturing. However, previous skin adhesives have shown limitations in adhesion strength, deformability, programmability, skin-irritation potential, and long-term stability. In this presentation, I will discuss a skin-mountable flexible patch designed with programmable adhesion. This patch incorporates advanced microstructures, meta-structures, tessellated structures, phase-change materials, and combinations thereof. The developed device demonstrates high skin adhesion strength, ease of release, programmable on-demand adhesion control, large motion adaptability, long-term durability, and excellent biocompatibility. Finally, I will introduce its applications in skin-interfaced wearable devices.
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Development of alternative technology to animal testing using organoidsProf. Jiseok Lim |
| Organoids or spheroids, three-dimensional cellular aggregates, offer higher in vivo relevance compared to two-dimensional cell monolayers, making them suitable as precise bio-samples for drug validation. To cultivate them in three dimensions, we introduce a microfluidics-based 3D culturing method. This method which is known as droplet microfluidic system is possible to generate regular sized micro droplets with high throughput. The conventional droplet microfluidic system consists of oil and water phases, which allow micro droplets to fabricate. We also can control the size of droplets and production yield, adjusting the oil and water flow velocity. This technique utilizing microfluidics is advantageous for mass production and yields uniformly shaped 3D bio-samples. While three-dimensional bio-samples closely mimic in vivo conditions, their interaction with the surrounding environment and tissues is limited. To better simulate the intricate in vivo environment, there is an increasing demand for organ-on-a-chip technology, where interactions between tissues can be mimicked within a small microfluidic system. In our recent work, we evaluated the efficacy of various drugs on organoids by employing both FDA-approved anticancer drugs and novel drug candidates. For breast cancer patients, we specifically investigated the suitability of different therapeutic approaches by testing both monotherapies and combination therapies on patient-derived cells. By exploring these advanced culturing methods and drug-testing applications, this seminar aims to present the production techniques of organoids/spheroids and introduce drug evaluation applications.
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